Welding & Metallurgy Calculators
Determine professional welding setups, preheating conditions, steel grades equivalence lookups, hardness scales, and joint geometry.
Stick Electrode Sizing
Match stick electrode sizes (3/32", 1/8", 5/32") and classes (E7018, E6010, E6013) with optimal welding amperage ranges.
Electrode matching parameters
Electrode Class Nomenclature Tip
Take E7018 for example:
• E: Shielded Metal Arc Electrode.
• 70: Minimum tensile strength is 70,000 PSI (482 MPa).
• 1: Can be welded in all positions (flat, horizontal, vertical, overhead).
• 8: Low-hydrogen iron powder coating, runs on DCEP or AC.
Good match. Adequate penetration is expected.
Structural buildings, heavy bridges, pressure vessels, high crack resistance, low hydrogen.
Explore Additional Utilities
Bohr radius ↔ nanometers — atomic scale reference
Determine electron orbital radius and binding energy levels for Hydrogen-like atomic configurations.
Bit size — horse mouth width ↔ mm/inch measurement
Convert horse mouth width measurement to proper bit sizing in inches, centimeters, and millimeters with clearance safety margins.
Tire size decoder — 205/55R16 ↔ diameter ↔ width ↔ aspect
Decode metric tire specs to calculate sidewall height, total diameter, circumference, and compare speedometer error against a secondary size.
GPS Format Converter
Convert global latitude and longitude between Decimal Degrees (DD) and Degrees Minutes Seconds (DMS).
Wood moisture content ↔ shrinkage percentage
Calculate expected wood dimensional shrinkage (radial, tangential, volumetric) based on changes in wood moisture content below fiber saturation point.
Frequency ↔ wavelength — antenna length calculation
Determine electromagnetic wavelength from frequency and velocity factors. Get recommended quarter-wave and half-wave antenna lengths.
Currency Converter
Convert global currencies using simulated or fetched live rates (USD, EUR, GBP, JPY, etc.).
Engine displacement — cc ↔ cubic inches ↔ liters
Convert and calculate total engine volume in cc, cubic inches, and liters using cylinder bore, piston stroke, and cylinder count.
Unix Epoch Converter
Convert Unix epochs (seconds/milliseconds) to human-eye standard DateTimes, and transform local dates to Epoch times.
Effect size — Cohen's d ↔ r ↔ odds ratio
Convert between various effect size measures like Cohen's d, Pearson correlation r, and Odds Ratio for scientific research interpretation.
Speech Rate (WPM ↔ Pages)
Calculate presentation speech times, audio length, and page count equivalents using custom words per minute (WPM).
Percentile ↔ z-score ↔ standard deviation
Determine z-scores, percentiles, standard deviation steps, and probability density for standard normal distribution curves.
Clothing Size Converter
Convert apparel sizes (XS to 3XL) across US, UK, European, and Asian standards.
DPI / PPI Converter
Convert image pixel dimensions into physical print sizes (inches/cm) at any target resolution.
Wire feed speed ↔ amperage — MIG welding settings
Calculate MIG wire feed speed (WFS) and matching amperage. Includes gas recommendations and presets for steel, stainless, and aluminum.
MAC address formats — colon ↔ hyphen ↔ Cisco notation
Convert physical MAC addresses between IEEE colon, hyphen, Cisco dot format, and raw hex strings.
Morse Code Translator
Translate standard text to Morse code signals (dots and dashes) and decode them in real-time.
Dimensional Weight ↔ Chargeable Weight
Calculate shipping dimensional weight based on L x W x H using standard carrier factors, and determine final chargeable weight.
Angular Motor Rotation
Determine crankshaft engine RPM, radian ratios, and angular physical velocities.
Responsive Font Units Converter
Compute points, pixels, em, rem web font guidelines, and equivalent font sizes.