Welding & Metallurgy Calculators
Determine professional welding setups, preheating conditions, steel grades equivalence lookups, hardness scales, and joint geometry.
Hardness Converter
Convert between Rockwell C, Rockwell B, Brinell, and Vickers scales with approximate tensile strengths for steel materials.
Input Hardness Scale
Rockwell C is strictly designed for hardened metals (above 20 HRC), while Rockwell B is optimized for soft metals and structural steel plates. Conversions are non-linear approximations.
Explore Additional Utilities
Swimming Pace & Yardage Converter
Convert swim splits and paces between per-100m, per-100 yards, and overall distances with custom pool sizes.
Thermohaline density — temperature + salinity → seawater density
Determine seawater density and specific volume from water temperature and salinity using the UNESCO International Equation of State.
Salinity for species — ppt ↔ specific gravity ↔ conductivity
Convert salinity values between ppt, Specific Gravity (SG), and Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm). Learn about species target zones.
Species-Specific Drug Dosing
Calculate animal weight-based dosages, target mg requirements, and liquid volumes across different species: dogs, cats, horses, cattle, and rabbits.
URL Slug Generator
Generate clean, hyphenated, SEO-friendly slugs from any string with custom separators.
Length Converter
Convert between meter, kilometer, centimeter, mile, yard, foot, inch, and more.
Specific heat capacity — J/kg·K ↔ BTU/lb·°F
Convert between specific heat capacity units including J/kg·K, kJ/kg·°C, BTU/lb·°F, and cal/g·°C.
Weight Converter
Convert between kilogram, gram, pound, ounce, stone, and other mass units.
Period Tracker & Predictor
Track menstrual cycles, predict future period start dates, cycle phases, and typical symptom occurrences.
Duration Converter
Convert time intervals seamlessly between weeks, days, hours, minutes, and seconds.
Water Footprint & Virtual Water Calculator
Estimate virtual water consumption based on diet choices, household activities, and direct/indirect product footprints.
Fuel Efficiency Converter
Convert between miles per gallon (mpg), liters per 100km (L/105km), and km/liter conversions.
Chemical Solutions Concentration
Convert chemical solutions concentration (Molarity ↔ Molality ↔ PPM) and analyze mass ratios.
Etching time — acid strength ↔ plate depth ↔ minutes
Estimate intaglio plate etching durations in nitric acid or ferric chloride based on metal type and Baumé strength.
Time Zone Converter
Compare and convert times between universal time zones with ease.
Flash Guide Number Calculator
Solve the photography flash equation to find guide numbers, aperture, subject distance, or ISO speed for perfect manual flash exposures.
Thermal conductivity — W/m·K ↔ BTU·in/hr·ft²·°F
Translate thermal conductivity values between W/m·K, BTU·in/hr·ft²·°F, and other units.
dB gain ↔ power ratio — amplifier and antenna specs
Convert logarithmic decibels (dB) to linear power and voltage ratios, or translate absolute power in Watts to dBm.
Livestock Live Weight ↔ Carcass Yield
Estimate hot carcass weight (HCW), dressing percentage, and final retail cut take-home meat yield for beef, pork, lamb, and goat.
Depth ↔ Geostatic & Hydrostatic Pressure
Determine lithostatic (rock overburden) and hydrostatic (fluid) pressure at custom geological underground depths or deep underwater.