Welding & Metallurgy Calculators
Determine professional welding setups, preheating conditions, steel grades equivalence lookups, hardness scales, and joint geometry.
Hardness Converter
Convert between Rockwell C, Rockwell B, Brinell, and Vickers scales with approximate tensile strengths for steel materials.
Input Hardness Scale
Rockwell C is strictly designed for hardened metals (above 20 HRC), while Rockwell B is optimized for soft metals and structural steel plates. Conversions are non-linear approximations.
Explore Additional Utilities
Ocean depth ↔ pressure — bar per 10 meters rule
Calculate hydrostatic and total pressure in the ocean based on depth, water density, and gravity constants.
Lye calculator — oil weight ↔ NaOH ↔ KOH amount
Determine exact NaOH and KOH weights required for cold and hot-process soap formulation batches.
Cooling & HVAC Power (BTU/h ↔ W)
Compare heating, cooling, and air conditioning power capacities with corresponding watt ratings.
Mortar mix ratio — cement ↔ sand ↔ water by weight
Calculate standard masonry mortar mix classes (Type M, S, N, O, K) and determine precise cement, sand, and water weights.
Pregnancy Due Date & Milestones
Calculate estimated due date (EDD), gestational age, fetal development sizes, and trimester milestones.
No Claim Discount (NCD)
Track and project No Claim Discount percentages, claim-free year scales, and calculate potential premium savings with claim step-backs.
DPI Screen Density Sizing
Calculate typographic sizing differences across varying screen device densities and target DPI scopes.
Void Fill Material Volume
Calculate empty space volume inside a shipping box after placing items to determine packaging material needed.
Dovetail angle — ratio ↔ degrees for hardwood vs softwood
Convert dovetail joint slope ratios (e.g. 1:6, 1:8) to slope angles in degrees and verify hardwood/softwood suitability.
Preheat temperature — steel grade + thickness → °C
Estimate preheat temperatures using Carbon Equivalent (CE) chemistry formulas and plate thickness guidelines to prevent hydrogen cracking.
Percentile ↔ z-score ↔ standard deviation
Determine z-scores, percentiles, standard deviation steps, and probability density for standard normal distribution curves.
Duration Converter
Convert time intervals seamlessly between weeks, days, hours, minutes, and seconds.
Text Case Converter
Swiftly switch text between UPPERCASE, lowercase, camelCase, snake_case, or Title Case.
Weld throat thickness ↔ leg length — fillet weld geometry
Convert between throat thickness and leg length for fillet welds. Estimate joint volume, weld weight, and shear load capacity.
Wire feed speed ↔ amperage — MIG welding settings
Calculate MIG wire feed speed (WFS) and matching amperage. Includes gas recommendations and presets for steel, stainless, and aluminum.
Flash Guide Number Calculator
Solve the photography flash equation to find guide numbers, aperture, subject distance, or ISO speed for perfect manual flash exposures.
Radioactive Decay Half-Life
Estimate remaining isotope amounts and decay timelines from standard half-life periods.
IQ score ↔ percentile rank
Map IQ scores (with standard deviations 15 or 16) to cognitive percentile ranks, rarity indices, and standard intelligence brackets.
Sandpaper grit — CAMI ↔ FEPA ↔ micron rating
Convert and compare sandpaper abrasive grit sizing standards between CAMI, FEPA (P-grade), and average micron rating.
Asset Depreciation & Insured Value
Calculate asset depreciation over time based on age, condition, actual cash value (ACV), and salvage values for insurance coverage.